Scientific Publications

Antibe’s recent Phase 2B GI safety study provides unequivocal evidence for a marked reduction of GI toxicity of its H2S‐releasing analgesic/anti‐inflammatory drug, ATB‐346, as compared to the conventional dose of naproxen that produced equivalent suppression of cyclooxygenase (COX). This peer-reviewed paper was published in one of the world’s leading pharmacology journals and provides a comprehensive summary of the clinical trial results.

Antibe recently concluded a substantive endoscopic Phase 2B clinical trial in 244 healthy volunteers, in which it demonstrated an unequivocal GI safety advantage of ATB-346 as compared to naproxen, the most prescribed NSAID in the United States. This internal paper provides a more in-depth analysis of the data from this clinical trial, including summaries and discussion of the secondary endpoints. A peer-reviewed paper was subsequently published in February 2019 in the British Journal of Pharmacology.

Significant alterations of intestinal microbiota and anemia are hallmarks of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is widely accepted that iron is a key nutrient for pathogenic bacteria, but little is known about its impact on microbiota associated with IBD. We describe an unexpected iron-scavenging property for an experimental hydrogen sulfide-releasing derivative of mesalamine. The findings demonstrate that this new drug reduces the virulence of IBD microbiota biofilms through a direct reduction of microbial iron intake and without affecting bacteria survival or species composition within the microbiota.

H2S-releasing drugs, such as SG1002 for cardiovascular disorders, and ATB-346 for arthritis, have progressed into clinical trials and have shown considerable promise. The proof-of-concept clinical studies reviewed herein pave the way for examination, in a clinical setting, of several other potential applications of H2S-based drugs in a wide range of disorders, including diabetes, hypertension, and cancer chemoprevention.

This study explored the possibility that Antibe’s lead drug, ATB-346, would be effective in a murine model of hereditary intestinal cancer (APCMin+ mouse). Daily treatment with ATB-346 was significantly more effective at preventing intestinal polyp formation than naproxen. Significant beneficial effects were seen with a treatment period of only 3–7 days, and reversal of existing polyps was observed in the colon. ATB-346 may represent a promising agent for chemoprevention of tumorigenesis in the GI tract and elsewhere.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has become recognized as an important signalling molecule throughout the body, contributing to many physiological and pathological processes. In recent years, improved methods for measuring H2S levels and the availability of a wider range of H2S donors and more selective inhibitors of H2S synthesis have helped to more accurately identify the many biological effects of this highly reactive gaseous mediator. Animal studies of several H2S-releasing drugs have demonstrated considerable promise for the safe treatment of a wide range of disorders. Several such drugs are now in clinical trials.

This paper provides an overview of some of the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective actions of hydrogen sulfide. It also gives some examples of hydrogen sulfide-releasing anti-inflammatory drugs, and their actions in terms of reducing inflammation and attenuating the development of cancer in experimental models.

Vitamin B deficiencies, which can lead to hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy), are commonly reported in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and may be a causative underlying factor. However, the mechanism for this effect is not known. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous mediator that promotes tissue repair and resolution of inflammation. In experimental colitis, a marked increase in colonic H2S synthesis drives ulcer healing and resolution of inflammation.

This article reviews the latest developments in understanding the pathogenesis, detection and treatment of small intestinal damage and bleeding caused by NSAIDs. With improvements in the detection of NSAID-induced damage in the small intestine, it is now clear that this injury and the associated bleeding occurs more frequently than that occurring in the stomach and duodenum, and can also be regarded as more dangerous. Moreover, recent studies suggest that commonly used drugs for protecting the upper gastrointestinal tract (i.e., proton pump inhibitors) can significantly worsen NSAID-induced damage in the small intestine.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are among the most commonly used prescription and over-the-counter medications, but they often produce significant gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding, particularly in elderly patients and patients with certain co-morbidities. Novel anti-inflammatory drugs are seldom tested in animal models that mimic the high risk human users, leading to an underestimate of the true toxicity of the drugs. In the present study we examined the effects of two novel NSAIDs (including ATB-346) and two commonly used NSAIDs in models in which mucosal defence was expected to be impaired.

Hydrogen sulphide is an important mediator of gastric mucosal defence. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs continues to be limited by their toxicity, particularly in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The ability of ATB-346 versus naproxen to cause gastric damage was evaluated in healthy rats and in rats with compromised gastric mucosal defence. ATB-346 exhibits anti-inflammatory properties similar to naproxen, but with substantially reduced gastrointestinal toxicity.

Gastrointestinal damage caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) remains a significant clinical problem. Hydrogen makes an important contribution to mucosal defense, and NSAIDs can suppress its synthesis. In this study, we evaluated the gastrointestinal safety and anti-inflammatory effects of a novel “HS-NSAID” (ATB-337) that consists of diclofenac linked to a hydrogen sulfide–releasing moiety.

Mesalamine is the first-line therapy for colitis, but it lacks potency and is only effective for mild-to-moderate forms of this disease. The purpose of this study was to determine if an H2S- releasing derivative of mesalamine (ATB-429) would exhibit increased potency and effectiveness in a mouse model of colitis. ATB-429 exhibits a marked increase in anti-inflammatory activity and potency in a murine model of colitis, as compared to mesalamine, and may represent an attractive alternative to mesalamine for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

The hypothesis that neutrophils play an important role in the pathogenesis of gastric ulceration induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was tested in rats. Rats made neutropenic (i.e., had neutrophils (white blood cells) removed from their bloodstream) by prior treatment with an antibody to rat neutrophils were found to be significantly more resistant to the gastric-damaging actions of indomethacin or naproxen than were control rats or rats treated with serum that did not contain neutrophil antibodies. These results suggest an important role for neutrophils in the pathogenesis of NSAID-induced gastric ulceration. Neutrophils may be important in the vascular injury that occurs early after administration of these compounds.